CONJUNCTION

Conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, clauses or sentences. e.g.  and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so, although, because, since, unless, when, while, where are some conjunctions.

Examples.

     She tried but did not succeed.
     He does not go to school because he is ill.
     John and Marry went to the cinema.
     He thought for a moment and kicked the ball.
     I waited for him but he didn’t come.
     You will be ill unless you quit smoking.
     We didn’t go to the market because it was raining outside.

Single word Conjunction: Conjunction having one word
          e.g. and, but, yet, because etc.

Compound Conjunction: Conjunction having two or more words
       e.g. as long as, as far as, as well as, in order that, even if, so that etc

Types of Conjunction.

There are three types of conjunctions

• Coordinating Conjunction
• Subordinate Conjunction
• Correlative Conjunction

Coordinating Conjunction.

Coordinating conjunction (called coordinators) joins words, phrases (which are similar in importance and grammatical structure) or independent clauses.

Coordinating conjunctions are short words i.e. and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.

Coordination conjunction joins two equal parts of a sentence,

• Word + word 
• Phrase + phrase
• Clause + clause 
• Independent clause + independent clause.

Examples.

See "Coordinating, Subordinating and Correlative Conjunction"

Types of Conjunction.

Conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, clauses or sentences. e.g.  and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so, although, because, since, unless, when, while, where etc.

There are three types of conjunctions

• Coordinating Conjunction
• Subordinate Conjunction
• Correlative Conjunction

Coordinating Conjunction.

Coordinating conjunctions (called coordinators) join words, phrases (which are similar in importance and grammatical structure) or independent clauses.

Coordinating conjunctions are short words i.e. and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.

Coordination conjunction joins two equal parts of a sentence,

• Word + word 
• Phrase + phrase
• Clause + clause 
• Independent clause + independent clause.

Examples.

     Word + word: She likes tea and coffee.
     Phrase + phrase: He may be in the room or on the roof.
     Clauses + clause: What you eat and what you drink affect your health.
     Independent clause + independent clause: The cat jumped over the mouse and      the mouse ran away.

In the following examples, coordinating conjunctions join two words of same importance.

      She likes pizza and cake.               (pizza and cake)
      I bought a table and a chair.          (table and chair)
      He may come by bus or car.           (bus or car)

In the following examples, conjunction joins two independent clauses. Independent clause is a clause which can stand alone as a sentence and have complete thought on its own.

      I called him but he didn’t pick up the phone.
      I advised him to quit smoking, but he didn’t act upon my advice.
      He became ill, so he thought he should go to a doctor.
      He shouted for help, but no body helped her.
      He wants to become a doctor, so he is studying Biology.

Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join. A comma is used with conjunction if the clauses are long or not well balanced. 

If both clauses have same subjects, the subject of 2nd clause may not be written again. See the following examples

     She worked hard and succeeded.
     The player stopped and kicked the ball.
     He became ill but didn’t go to doctor.
     Marry opened the book and started to study.

Subordinating Conjunctions.

Subordinating conjunctions (called subordinators) join subordinate clause (dependent clause) to main clause.

e.g. although, because, if, before, how,  once, since, till, until, when, where, whether, while, after,  no matter how, provided that, as soon as, even if,

      MAIN CLAUSE + SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
      SUBORDINATE CLAUSE + MAIN CLAUSE

Subordinate clause is combination of words (subject and verb) which cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. Subordinate clause is also called dependent clause because it is dependent on main clause. Subordinate clause usually starts with relative pronoun (which, who, that, whom etc).  Subordinate clause gives more information in relation to main clause to complete the thought.

Subordinating conjunction joins subordinate clause to main clause. Subordinating conjunction always come before the subordinate clause, no matter the subordinate clause is before main clause or after the main clause. 

Examples.
      He does not go to school because he is ill.
      I will call you after I reach my home.
      I bought some cookies while I was coming from my office.
      They played football although it was raining.
      Although it was raining, they played foot ball.
      As far as I know, this exam is very difficult.
      I have gone to every concert since I have lived in New York.
      You can get high grades in exam provided that you work hard for it.

Correlative Conjunction.

These are paired conjunctions which join words, phrases or clauses which have reciprocal or complementary relationship.

The most commonly used correlative conjunctions are as follows

     Either … or
     Neither … nor
     Whether … or
     Both … and
     Not only … but also 

Examples.

      Neither John nor Marry passed the exam.
      Give me either a cup or a glass.
      Both red and yellow are attractive colours.
      I like neither tea nor coffee.
      He will be either in the room or in the hall.
      John can speak not only English but also French.






contoh soal

•  I like spaghetti and pizza.
•  I ate spaghetti for lunch and pizza for dinner.
•  I like spaghetti, but I don’t like hamburgers.
•  You can eat spaghetti or pizza for dinner.
•  I like all Italian food, so I like pizza.
•  I like Italian food, and so does my brother.
•  I eat a lot of pizza because I like it
•  I study English because I want a good job.

http://www.studyandexam.com/conjunction2.html
 http://letspeakenglish.info/kursus-online/

Direct Indirect

• Jika  reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.

• Jika reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.

Contoh:
He said, ‘I have lost my umbrella.’
Kalimat langsung (direct) mempunyai dua bagian, yaitu: reporting sentence dan reported sentence. Reporting sentence adalah klausa yang berisi siapa yang berbicara, sedangkan reported sentence adalah klausa yang berisi apa yang dibicarakan.

Contoh:
Mike said, “I will come to your house.”
reporting reported
Sedangkan, pada kalimat tidak langsung (indirect), kita mengungkapkan maksud ucapan pembicara dengan ungkapan yang tidak sama persis.

Contoh:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella.
PERUBAHAN KALIMAT LANGSUNG (DIRECT) MENJADI TIDAK LANGSUNG (INDIRECT)
A. Kalimat pernyataan (statement) pada kalimat tidak langsung (indirect)
Perubahan direct menjadi indirect pada statement ditandai dengan ‘that’.
Kalimat langsung yang reporting sentence-nya memiliki verb dalam bentuk present tense (simple present, present continuous, and present perfect atau future tense) maka tidak ada perubahan tenses pada reported sentence dalam bentuk tidak langsung (indirect). Ini biasanya terjadi apabila:
1. Melaporkan suatu percakapan yang masih berlangsung
2. Membaca surat dan melaporkan apa isi surat tersebut
3. Membaca perintah dan langsung melaporkannya pada waktu tersebut
4. Melaporkan pernyataan yang sering muncul

Contoh:
Direct
• John (phoning from the station), “I’m trying to get a taxi.”
• Siska says,” The sun rises every morning.”
Indirect
• John says that he is trying to get a taxi.
• Siska says that the sun rises every morning.

Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :

Direct Speech Simple present Present continuous Present perfect Present perfect continuous Simple past Past continuous Future Present

Indirect Speech Simple past Past continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous Past Past

kecuali :

Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi

kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam

bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :

Direct Speech – Indirect Speech

He said, “The sun rises in the east” – He said that the sun rises in the east

Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:

Direct Speech this = ini these = ini come = datang here = di sini, ke sini hence = dari sini hither = ke tempat ini ago = yang lalu now = sekarang today = hari ini tomorrow = besok yesterday = kemarin last night = tadi malam next week = minggu depan thus = begini contoh : He said, “I will come here”.

Indirect Speech that = itu those = itu go = pergi there = di sana, ke sana thence = dari sana thither = ke tempat itu before = lebih dahulu then = pada waktu itu that day = hari itu next day = hari berikutnya the previous day = sehari sebelumnya the previous night = semalam sebelumnya the following week = minggu berikutnya so = begitu He said that he would go there

SOAL

1. ‘What do you want?’ she asked him.
2.    ‘Are you coming with us?’ he asked me.
3.    He asked, ‘When do you intend to make the payment?’
4.    ‘Do you come from China?’ said the prince to the girl.
5.    The poor man exclaimed, ‘Will none of you help me?’

6.  ‘Which way should I go?’ asked the little girl.
7.    Alladin said to the magician, ‘What have I done to deserve so severe a punishment?’
8.    ‘Don’t you know the way home?’ I said to her.
9.    ‘Do you write a good hand?’ the teacher said to the student.
10.    ‘Have you anything to say on behalf of the accused?’ said the judge finally.

JAWABAN

1.  She asked him what he wanted.
2.    He asked me if I was coming/going with them.
3.    He enquired when I/he/she intended to make the payment.
4.    The prince asked the girl if she came from China.
5.    The poor man exclaimed whether none of them would help him.
6.    The little girl asked which way she should go.
7.    Alladin asked the magician what he had done to deserve so severe a punishment.
8.    I asked her whether she did not know the way home.
9.    The teacher asked the student if he/she wrote a good hand.
10.    The judge finally asked whether he/she had anything to say on behalf of the accused.

.

·         SUMBER: http://gunturghadafi.blogspot.com/2012/04/ada-dua-cara-untuk-mengungkapkan-apa.html

§  SUMBER:http://irena040506.wordpress.com/2010/05/21/direct-and-indirect-speech/

Adverbial Clause

Adverbial

Sebuah adverbial adalah kata keterangan, frase atau klausa adverbial adverbial yang memberi kami informasi tambahan tentang misalnya waktu, tempat, atau cara tindakan yang dijelaskan dalam bagian kalimat:

• Kami telah tinggal di rumah ini selama lebih dari dua puluh tahun.
• Kami tidur dengan tenang di tempat tidur kita ketika gempa terjadi.

Dari contoh-contoh, Anda dapat melihat bahwa posisi yang paling umum untuk adverbia adalah pada akhir kalimat adverbia Tempat (di sini di rumah ini) datang sebelum adverbia waktu (selama lebih dari dua puluh tahun). Cara adverbia (damai) datang sebelum adverbia tempat (di tempat tidur kami).

Mereka tidak selalu mengikuti pola ini. Ini berlaku khususnya untuk klausa adverbial. Dalam contoh di atas kita bisa mulai dengan klausa adverbial, jika hal itu penting untuk menyorotnya pada tahap ini dalam wacana:

• Ketika gempa terjadi, kami tidur dengan tenang di tempat tidur kami.

Dengan demikian, adverbia menjawab pertanyaan seperti:

Where?	When?	How?	Why?
How often?	How long?	How much?

Where did you arrange to meet him? ~
I arranged to meet him outside the bank.

Why did you arrange to meet him there?
So that he could give me the money.

How long did you wait for him?
I waited for half an hour but he didn't arrive.

When did you first meet him?
We first met when he became the manager of the bank.

How often have you been seeing him since then?
Once a week, usually. More frequently, if his wife was away.

Note from the above examples that adverbs of frequency are often placed in mid-position in the sentence, as well as at end-position. Placing them before the subject is sometimes also possible:

• I sometimes call on my younger sister when I'm in London
• I never see my older sister, but occasionally I call my younger sister.
• Yes I see her from time to time. We get together once in a blue moon.

     

Adverbial Clauses

A wide variety of different conjunctions are used to initiate adverbial clauses which function as the adverbial part of a main clause. Some of the most common are listed below:

time:		when, after, before, as soon as
reason:		because, since, as
purpose:		so that, in order to
contrast:		although, whereas
comparison:		as if, as though
condition:		if, provided (that), so long as, in case

• We served drinks as soon as our friends arrived.
  After we had eaten, we played cards.
• We moved to Cornwall because we wanted to live in the countryside. As the winters in the north east can be quite harsh, we decided to move to the south west.
• I finished work early in order to catch the 4.30 train.
  I left work early so that I could catch the 4.30 train.
• When I arrived home I went to see Joan although it was very late. Whereas in the 70s and 80s most men worked until they were 60 or 65, nowadays most retire when they are in their fifties.
• He shook my hand warmly as if / as though he had known me for years.
• You can borrow my car on Saturday, provided / so long as you return it by seven o' clock in the evening.
  Take a packed lunch with you, in case you get hungry.

·         kata keterangan dari cara

·         Perhatikan bahwa tidak semua kata keterangan dari cara yang menjawab pertanyaan Bagaimana ...? Di akhir-ly. Kebanyakan dari mereka lakukan, seperti ini

• How did they sleep? ~ They slept peacefully
• How well does she dance ~ She dances sublimely

But common exceptions include:

hard fast straight late

• He worked hard in order to pass the exam
• He was driving straight at me and I ran very fast to get out of his way.
• There was a power failure earlier today and the trains are all running late now.

Perhatikan juga bahwa kata sifat yang diakhiri dengan-ly, misalnya hidup, konyol indah, ramah, tidak dapat membentuk kata keterangan dengan menambahkan lain-ly karena hal ini tidak mungkin diucapkan. Sebaliknya cara lain harus ditemukan:

·         He behaved in such a silly way I was ashamed of him
Surprisingly, they were dancing in a very lively manner at the over 60s disco.

SOAL

When does messi play playstation ?
When do you wake up ?
Where does play playstation ?
Where do you buy this cd?
How does messi play playstation ?
How do you can do play playstation ?
in want to improve your skills ?
How often does Any playing playstation ?
Where does messi brake ?
When do you finish after playing playstation ?

JAWABAN

every evening
 at 10 o' clock
in the home
in grand mall
very nice
 self-taught
 yes,of course
quite often
 in my room
 6 pm

Sumber: http://translate.google.co.id/translate?hl=id&langpair=en|id&u=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv279.shtml